
Twain’s writings, including The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, brought him international acclaim. Mark Twain was a vociferous critic of imperialism. colonies would jeopardize white supremacy and undermine capitalism. Some anti-imperialists also claimed that U.S. Prominent citizens, including William Jennings Bryan, Jane Addams, and Andrew Carnegie, argued that acquisition of foreign territories violated national ideals. In 1946, the Philippines were granted independence. In 1902, Congress reached a compromise in which a presidential appointee governed the islands in conjunction with a Filipino assembly. At the same time, over 20,000 Filipino soldiers and perhaps 200,000 civilians perished. Four years of fierce guerilla warfare ensued.


Unwilling to disband their provisional government or agree to U.S. But within months, Spain ceded the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam to the U.S in exchange for $20 million. arms, Aguinaldo’s troops won several battles and issued a declaration of independence in June 1898. In 1896, Filipino Rebels led by Emilio Aguinaldo, began fighting to expel the Spanish.
